Suchergebnisse

Voluntary municipal tasks could be interpreted as an important element of the resilience of the local communities. These tasks are very flexible: in the European municipal systems these tasks can be provided relatively freely within the scope of the local public affairs. Therefore the municipal task management has an innovative role in the local government system, in other words, one can notice a process where facultative tasks may become obligatory. We also include the role of the central and territorial public administration in our analysis, concerning the financial background and the professional assistance of the voluntary task management as well. As an additional hypothesis, we present that the decreasing number of compulsory tasks highlighted the importance of the non-compulsory tasks; therefore, we also investigate the changes of the last few years. Based on the hypothesis, we did an empirical research in three Hungarian and three Slovenian municipalities, where the nature of the municipal tasks were examined. We focused on the innovative nature of these tasks. When selecting the municipalities, we paid attention to include different municipality models and their characteristics to verify our hypothesis. Our paper will present the main findings of this research: not only the large and rich municipalities and the municipalities with tourism destination roles perform facultative tasks, it is very important in the small communities, as well. These tasks are tools for the resilience to the changes of the regulatory environment and tools for the preserving the local identity.

The article reviews the legal status, the organisation and the tasks of Hungarian municipal policing, and the transformation of this system. Firstly, theoretical and international backgrounds of the topic are shown. Secondly, the article presents the changing roles of Hungarian municipal policing. Here, a tendency of nationalisation can be observed, but from the 1980s the framework of the municipal policing has evolved. Thirdly, the mixed nature of the Hungarian municipal policing is analysed which system can be characterise as a "quasi police" system because of the similarities and differences of the municipal and state police authorities.

The centralization process in Hungary affects the local governments too. From 2010, they face weakening of their competencies and taking away of their task and with it, restrictions of their rights in some aspects. This paper aims to explore one aspect of the restriction, the changing of ownership of their task-bound assets with legislative means. To show the process, two cases of such restriction will be examined, both affecting the capital of Hungary, Budapest and both being symbolic project for the Government and the municipalities too.

The article reviews the transformation of the roles of municipalities, inter-municipal associations and the central government in the light of local public services. Firstly, theoretical and international backgrounds of the topic are shown. Secondly, the article presents the changing roles of Hungarian municipalities and inter-municipal associations in the field of local public services and administration. Here, a tendency of concentration can be observed from the disintegration in the early 1990s up until now. Thirdly, the outcome of the transition from a decentralised to a centralised system is analysed, i.e. the nationalisation and centralised administration of the former municipal local services.

Chapter 1: Police Stops: a comparative perspective on governance -- Chapter 2: Stop in the name of the law: the legal regulation of police stops in Europe -- Chapter 3: Internal Governance of police stops: an unresolvable challenge? -- Chapter 4: External accountability: the limited influence of oversight bodies on the governance of police stops -- Chapter 5: Civil oversight practices in Europe: exploring the impact of civil movement against police stops -- Chapter 6: Legal remedies for victims of unlawful police stops: European and domestic contexts -- Chapter 7: The role of data in enhancing the governance of Police Stops in Europe -- Chapter 8: The possibilities and pitfalls of the use of accountability technologies in the governance of police stops -- Chapter 9: Conclusion: the three levels of governance of police stops.

The Porto Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana do Porto, AMP) is a framework of cooperation between 17 municipalities and several districts. This metropolitan area has a specific, inter-municipal model of urban governance. In our research, we found that cooperation is significant mainly in sectors where the central legislature has essentially made this mandatory, by designing the AMP and defining its powers. In addition to AMP, only partial cooperation has been established in the field of waste management, and in the field of human public services and in the performance of public authority, there is essentially a set of autonomous organisational solutions. However, despite all this fragmentation, the above system ensures the satisfactory functioning of the metropolitan agglomeration. This also underlines the importance of transport management in urban areas, since this functioning system is based on an integrated and intermodal transport system ; Obszar metropolitalny Porto (Área Metropolitana do Porto, AMP) składa się z 17 gmin i kilku okręgów. Przyjęto tu specyficzny, międzygminny model zarządzania. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że współpraca jest znacząca głównie w sektorach, którym centralny prawodawca zasadniczo nadał taki obowiązek, projektując AMP i określając jego uprawnienia. Oprócz AMP nawiązano jedynie częściową współpracę w zakresie gospodarki odpadami, a w zakresie usług publicznych i wykonywania władzy publicznej istnieje w zasadzie zestaw autonomicznych rozwiązań organizacyjnych. Pomimo całego tego rozdrobnienia system ten zapewnia odpowiednie funkcjonowanie aglomeracji metropolitalnej. Istotne jest również zarządzanie transportem na obszarach miejskich, ponieważ jest ono oparte na zintegrowanym i intermodalnym systemie transportowym.

The Porto Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana do Porto, AMP) is a framework of cooperation between 17 municipalities and several districts. This metropolitan area has a specific, inter-municipal model of urban governance. In our research, we found that cooperation is significant mainly in sectors where the central legislature has essentially made this mandatory, by designing the AMP and defining its powers. In addition to AMP, only partial cooperation has been established in the field of waste management, and in the field of human public services and in the performance of public authority, there is essentially a set of autonomous organisational solutions. However, despite all this fragmentation, the above system ensures the satisfactory functioning of the metropolitan agglomeration. This also underlines the importance of transport management in urban areas, since this functioning system is based on an integrated and intermodal transport system.